Bibliography

References used throughout the posts on this site. To cite one from a post, link to its anchor, e.g. [Ko 2025](@/bibliography.md#ko2025).

Books

[Ko2025] Ronny Ko. The Beginner's Textbook for Fully Homomorphic Encryption. arXiv:2503.05136 [cs.CR], 2025. PDF · arXiv page

A self-contained open textbook that builds FHE from the ground up: modular arithmetic, groups, fields and polynomial rings first, then the LWE family of cryptosystems, generic homomorphic operations, and finally the TFHE, BFV, CKKS and BGV schemes in detail. A good companion for the FHE from scratch series.

Papers

[Gen09] Craig Gentry. Fully Homomorphic Encryption Using Ideal Lattices. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '09), pp. 169–178, 2009. PDF

The paper that first showed fully homomorphic encryption is possible. It introduces bootstrapping: a scheme that can homomorphically evaluate its own decryption circuit can refresh noisy ciphertexts and therefore compute arbitrarily deep circuits.

Articles

[Ben] Ayoub Benaissa. Introduction to Homomorphic Encryption. Blog post. Read online

A short, accessible overview of what homomorphic encryption is, the difference between partially, somewhat and fully homomorphic schemes, and the practical challenges of using HE for deep learning.